1. Question 1 of 100

   The Montreal Protocol (1987) is an international agreement specifically aimed at:

   A Reducing greenhouse gas emissions B Phasing out substances that deplete the ozone layer C Protecting marine biodiversity D Regulating deforestation
2. Question 2 of 100

   Consumers in an ecosystem are organisms that:

   A Produce their own food B Break down dead organic matter only C Obtain energy by eating other organisms D Do not require any energy
3. Question 3 of 100

   Global warming refers to:

   A A decrease in Earth's average surface temperature over time B Daily temperature changes C Seasonal temperature variation D A long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature
4. Question 4 of 100

   Which of the following gases is considered a major greenhouse gas?

   A Carbon dioxide (CO₂) B Nitrogen C Argon D Helium
5. Question 5 of 100

   Climate change is linked to more frequent and severe:

   A Only mild weather B Decreased storm activity worldwide C Droughts and wildfires in many regions D No notable weather changes
6. Question 6 of 100

   Which of the following practices contributes to sustainable water management?

   A Rainwater harvesting and efficient water use B Excessive groundwater extraction C Polluting water bodies D Ignoring water conservation entirely
7. Question 7 of 100

   Which of the following best reduces air pollution from vehicles?

   A Using public transport, electric vehicles, and proper vehicle maintenance B Driving more private vehicles C Avoiding all emission testing D Burning more fuel
8. Question 8 of 100

   Without any greenhouse effect at all, Earth's average surface temperature would be:

   A Much warmer than it currently is B Much colder than it currently is, likely below freezing C Exactly the same as now D Impossible to determine
9. Question 9 of 100

   Ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs were historically used in:

   A Only food products B Refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and air conditioning systems C Only solar panels D Only fertilizers
10. Question 10 of 100

    The troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere, is where:

    A The ozone layer is primarily located B Satellites typically orbit C No gases are present D Most weather phenomena occur
11. Question 11 of 100

    The enhanced (human-caused) greenhouse effect differs from the natural greenhouse effect mainly because it:

    A Involves completely different gases B Cools the Earth instead of warming it C Is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases from human activities, intensifying natural warming D Only occurs at the poles
12. Question 12 of 100

    Greenhouse gases trap heat by:

    A Reflecting all sunlight away from Earth B Absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation, preventing heat from escaping into space C Blocking sunlight from reaching Earth entirely D Cooling the lower atmosphere
13. Question 13 of 100

    Which of the following is a biotic (living) component of an ecosystem?

    A Sunlight B Water C Soil minerals D Plants and animals
14. Question 14 of 100

    Which of the following human activities contributes LEAST to greenhouse gas emissions?

    A Burning coal for electricity B Planting and preserving forests C Deforestation D Driving fossil-fuel-powered vehicles
15. Question 15 of 100

    One major environmental consequence of deforestation is:

    A Increased oxygen production B Decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere C Loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction D Improved soil fertility everywhere
16. Question 16 of 100

    A factory currently emits 1000 tonnes of CO₂ annually. After installing cleaner technology, emissions are reduced by 35%. The new annual emission level is approximately:

    A 650 tonnes B 350 tonnes C 450 tonnes D 850 tonnes
17. Question 17 of 100

    Increased exposure to UV radiation due to ozone depletion can lead to a higher risk of:

    A Improved plant growth everywhere B Cooler global temperatures C No health effects D Skin cancer and eye cataracts in humans
18. Question 18 of 100

    Climate change can affect agriculture by:

    A Always increasing crop yields everywhere B Having no effect on farming C Altering rainfall patterns and temperatures, which can reduce crop yields in many regions D Only benefiting farmers
19. Question 19 of 100

    Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power help reduce climate change impacts mainly because they:

    A Produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels B Are completely free of any environmental impact C Cannot be used on a large scale D Increase reliance on coal
20. Question 20 of 100

    Plastic pollution is a major environmental concern mainly because plastics:

    A Take a very long time to decompose and can harm wildlife B Decompose quickly and harmlessly C Are always recycled D Have no effect on oceans
21. Question 21 of 100

    Climate change adaptation refers to:

    A Reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the source B Adjusting human and natural systems to cope with the effects of climate change C Preventing all climate change entirely D Reversing industrialization
22. Question 22 of 100

    One major consequence of global warming is:

    A Permanent cooling of oceans B Decreased sea levels C No change in weather patterns D Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
23. Question 23 of 100

    A protected area or national park is primarily established to:

    A Promote industrial development B Increase deforestation C Conserve natural habitats, wildlife, and biodiversity D Expand urban areas
24. Question 24 of 100

    The main function of the ozone layer is to:

    A Trap heat near Earth's surface B Absorb most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation C Produce oxygen for breathing D Cause rainfall
25. Question 25 of 100

    The environment refers to:

    A All the living and non-living things that surround and affect an organism B Only the air around us C Only plants and animals D Only human-made structures
26. Question 26 of 100

    Climate change mitigation refers to:

    A Actions taken to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases B Adapting to the effects of climate change after they occur C Ignoring climate change impacts D Only monitoring weather patterns
27. Question 27 of 100

    Which of the following is an example of a climate change mitigation strategy?

    A Building sea walls to protect coastal cities B Relocating communities after floods C Switching to renewable energy sources like solar and wind D Stockpiling emergency supplies
28. Question 28 of 100

    Global mean sea level has risen due to climate change mainly as a result of two combined factors:

    A Increased rainfall and decreased evaporation B Thermal expansion of seawater and melting of land-based ice (glaciers and ice sheets) C Increased ocean salinity and wind patterns D Volcanic activity and earthquakes
29. Question 29 of 100

    A forest absorbs approximately 2.5 tonnes of CO₂ per hectare per year. The approximate CO₂ absorbed by a 100-hectare forest in one year is:

    A 250 tonnes B 25 tonnes C 100 tonnes D 2500 tonnes
30. Question 30 of 100

    Deforestation refers to:

    A Planting new trees B The large-scale removal or clearing of forests C Protecting forest areas D Growing crops in forests sustainably
31. Question 31 of 100

    Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement refer to:

    A Fixed global emission targets set by the UN B Only developed countries' emission targets C Military contributions to environmental protection D Each country's self-determined plans and targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
32. Question 32 of 100

    An ecosystem consists of:

    A Only living organisms B Only non-living components C Living organisms interacting with their non-living environment D Only plants
33. Question 33 of 100

    Which of the following is a major source of air pollution?

    A Burning of fossil fuels in vehicles and factories B Photosynthesis in plants C Rainfall D Ocean currents
34. Question 34 of 100

    Climate change refers to:

    A Only short-term weather fluctuations B Daily changes in temperature C Only changes in rainfall D Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, largely driven by human activities in recent times
35. Question 35 of 100

    A carbon sink is best described as:

    A A source that releases large amounts of carbon dioxide B A machine that produces CO₂ C A natural system (such as forests or oceans) that absorbs more carbon dioxide than it releases D A type of greenhouse gas
36. Question 36 of 100

    The greenhouse effect refers to:

    A The cooling of Earth's surface due to clouds B The process of plants making food C The trapping of heat in Earth's atmosphere by certain gases, warming the surface D The movement of tectonic plates
37. Question 37 of 100

    If a country's annual CO₂ emissions are 500 million tonnes and it commits to reducing emissions by 20%, the new target emission level would be:

    A 100 million tonnes B 480 million tonnes C 600 million tonnes D 400 million tonnes
38. Question 38 of 100

    Which of the following is NOT considered a major greenhouse gas?

    A Carbon dioxide B Methane C Nitrogen gas (N₂) D Water vapor
39. Question 39 of 100

    Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate:

    A The air B Rivers, lakes, and oceans C The soil only D Forests
40. Question 40 of 100

    The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, set a key goal of limiting global warming to well below:

    A 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C B 1°C above pre-industrial levels C 5°C above pre-industrial levels D 10°C above pre-industrial levels
41. Question 41 of 100

    Which of the following is an example of a renewable energy transition supporting sustainability?

    A Increasing coal power plants B Expanding solar and wind energy infrastructure C Expanding oil drilling D Increasing deforestation for farmland
42. Question 42 of 100

    A habitat refers to:

    A Only the food an organism eats B The natural home or environment of an organism C Only the predators of an organism D The migration pattern of an organism
43. Question 43 of 100

    International cooperation on climate change is important because:

    A Climate change only affects one country at a time B Greenhouse gas emissions and their effects cross national borders, requiring a coordinated global response C Each country's emissions have no effect on others D Climate agreements have no practical purpose
44. Question 44 of 100

    The ozone layer is located in which layer of the atmosphere?

    A Stratosphere B Troposphere C Mesosphere D Thermosphere
45. Question 45 of 100

    Which combination of factors is generally considered most critical in addressing climate change effectively at a global scale?

    A Individual action alone, without policy change B A combination of international cooperation, government policy, technological innovation, and individual/community action C Policy change alone, without any technological innovation D Relying solely on natural ecosystem recovery
46. Question 46 of 100

    World Environment Day is observed annually on:

    A March 21 B June 5 C April 22 D October 1
47. Question 47 of 100

    Long-term climate monitoring and modeling, using tools like satellite data and climate models, are essential mainly because they help scientists:

    A Predict daily weather only B Replace the need for any environmental policy C Eliminate the need for emission reductions D Understand historical climate trends, project future changes, and inform policy decisions
48. Question 48 of 100

    Melting permafrost due to climate change is concerning because it can release large amounts of:

    A Oxygen B Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as organic matter decomposes C Nitrogen gas only D Helium
49. Question 49 of 100

    Comparing the global warming potential (GWP) of methane to carbon dioxide over a 100-year period, methane is generally considered to have a GWP that is:

    A Much lower than CO₂ B Roughly equal to CO₂ C Significantly higher than CO₂ (commonly cited as around 25-30 times greater) D Methane has no warming potential
50. Question 50 of 100

    The 'ozone hole' refers to a significant thinning of the ozone layer, historically observed most prominently over:

    A Antarctica (the South Pole region) B The Arctic only C The equator D North America only
51. Question 51 of 100

    If global average temperature has risen by approximately 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels, and the Paris Agreement aims to limit warming to 1.5°C, the remaining 'carbon budget' concept refers to:

    A The total amount of money allocated to climate research B The number of trees needed to be planted immediately C The estimated amount of additional greenhouse gases that can be emitted while staying within a given temperature target D The cost of renewable energy infrastructure
52. Question 52 of 100

    A species that is at risk of becoming extinct in the near future is classified as:

    A Abundant B Invasive C Domesticated D Endangered
53. Question 53 of 100

    Soil pollution is often caused by the excessive use of:

    A Organic compost B Crop rotation C Natural manure D Chemical pesticides and fertilizers
54. Question 54 of 100

    Methane (CH₄) is released into the atmosphere mainly from:

    A Only burning fossil fuels B Only volcanic eruptions C Ocean currents only D Livestock digestion, landfills, and rice paddies, among other sources
55. Question 55 of 100

    Which of the following is considered the primary driver of recent (post-industrial) climate change?

    A Human emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and deforestation B Natural volcanic activity alone C Ocean currents alone D Solar flares alone
56. Question 56 of 100

    Biodiversity refers to:

    A Only the number of animal species in an area B Only plant diversity C The variety of life forms, including species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity, in a given area D Only the climate of a region
57. Question 57 of 100

    An ecological footprint measures:

    A The physical size of an ecosystem B The number of species in an area C The temperature of a region D The impact of human activities on the environment, in terms of resource use and waste generation
58. Question 58 of 100

    Which of the following is an abiotic (non-living) component of an ecosystem?

    A Sunlight, water, and soil B Bacteria C Trees D Animals
59. Question 59 of 100

    Which of the following is an example of a climate change adaptation strategy?

    A Reducing fossil fuel use B Switching entirely to renewable energy C Planting forests to absorb CO₂ D Developing drought-resistant crop varieties for farmers facing changing rainfall patterns
60. Question 60 of 100

    Carbon trading (or carbon credit trading) is a market-based approach that allows:

    A Companies to freely emit unlimited greenhouse gases B Only governments to emit greenhouse gases C Entities to buy and sell permits for greenhouse gas emissions, incentivizing overall reductions D Elimination of all emissions immediately
61. Question 61 of 100

    Which gas is a major contributor to air pollution from vehicle exhaust?

    A Oxygen B Carbon monoxide C Nitrogen D Helium
62. Question 62 of 100

    Eutrophication in water bodies is primarily caused by:

    A Lack of nutrients in water B Cold temperatures C Excess nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) from fertilizers, leading to algal overgrowth D Low rainfall
63. Question 63 of 100

    Rising global temperatures can lead to the melting of glaciers, which primarily affects:

    A Only mountain scenery B Only wildlife in deserts C Nothing significant D Freshwater availability and sea levels
64. Question 64 of 100

    Acid rain can cause damage to:

    A Only buildings B Only the ozone layer C Nothing significant D Forests, water bodies, and buildings/structures
65. Question 65 of 100

    Sustainable development is best defined as development that:

    A Focuses only on economic growth regardless of environmental impact B Ignores social and environmental factors C Prioritizes short-term gains only D Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
66. Question 66 of 100

    If renewable energy sources currently supply 20% of a country's total energy and the government aims to increase this to 50% within a decade, the planned increase in renewable energy share is:

    A 20 percentage points B 50 percentage points C 70 percentage points D 30 percentage points
67. Question 67 of 100

    Acid rain is primarily caused by the release of which gases into the atmosphere?

    A Oxygen and nitrogen B Carbon dioxide only C Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides D Water vapor
68. Question 68 of 100

    Air pollution is mainly caused by the release of harmful substances into the:

    A Soil B Rivers only C Oceans only D Atmosphere
69. Question 69 of 100

    A food chain shows:

    A The flow of energy from one organism to another through feeding relationships B Only the predators in an area C Only plant growth D The water cycle
70. Question 70 of 100

    Rising global temperatures contribute to sea level rise mainly due to:

    A Melting ice and thermal expansion of seawater B Increased rainfall only C Decreased ocean salinity D Reduced evaporation
71. Question 71 of 100

    Depletion of the ozone layer is primarily caused by:

    A Carbon dioxide emissions B Water vapor C Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and related ozone-depleting substances D Nitrogen gas
72. Question 72 of 100

    A region's vulnerability to climate change impacts (such as flooding or drought) is generally determined by a combination of:

    A Only the amount of rainfall B Only the population size C Exposure to climate hazards, sensitivity of the population/ecosystem, and adaptive capacity D Only the country's GDP
73. Question 73 of 100

    Decomposers play an important role in an ecosystem by:

    A Producing oxygen only B Consuming living plants only C Preventing photosynthesis D Breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients back into the environment
74. Question 74 of 100

    Which of the following is a non-renewable natural resource?

    A Coal B Solar energy C Wind D Fresh water from rainfall
75. Question 75 of 100

    The primary human activity contributing to increased atmospheric CO₂ levels is:

    A Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) B Photosynthesis by plants C Ocean evaporation D Animal respiration
76. Question 76 of 100

    Conservation of biodiversity is important mainly because it:

    A Has no real benefit to humans B Maintains ecosystem stability, provides resources, and supports ecological balance C Only benefits endangered species D Increases pollution
77. Question 77 of 100

    Producers in an ecosystem are organisms that:

    A Consume other organisms for food B Make their own food, usually through photosynthesis C Decompose dead matter D Do not need energy
78. Question 78 of 100

    Reforestation and afforestation help combat climate change mainly by:

    A Releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere B Absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis C Increasing soil erosion D Reducing biodiversity
79. Question 79 of 100

    The biosphere is best defined as:

    A Only the oceans B The region of Earth where life exists C Only the atmosphere D Only the soil layer
80. Question 80 of 100

    Efforts to phase out ozone-depleting substances have generally resulted in:

    A Continued rapid ozone depletion with no improvement B Gradual recovery and healing of the ozone layer over time C Complete destruction of the ozone layer D No measurable effect at all
81. Question 81 of 100

    Ozone depletion and global warming (greenhouse effect) are:

    A Related but distinct environmental issues, with different primary causes B Exactly the same phenomenon C Completely unrelated with no overlap in causes D Both caused solely by deforestation
82. Question 82 of 100

    Natural resources are classified into:

    A Only renewable resources B Only non-renewable resources C Renewable and non-renewable resources D Only man-made resources
83. Question 83 of 100

    A 'net-zero emissions' target refers to:

    A Producing zero energy B Completely stopping all industrial activity C Doubling current emissions D Balancing the amount of greenhouse gases emitted with an equivalent amount removed from the atmosphere
84. Question 84 of 100

    Industrial smog is a type of air pollution commonly caused by:

    A Natural fog only B Only dust storms C Volcanic ash alone D The mixing of smoke and pollutants from industries with fog
85. Question 85 of 100

    Which ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and ocean warming?

    A Coral reefs B Deserts only C Urban areas only D None are affected
86. Question 86 of 100

    The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established to:

    A Promote industrial expansion B Regulate international trade only C Provide an international framework for addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions D Manage global fisheries
87. Question 87 of 100

    Which of the following is an effective way to reduce pollution?

    A Increasing the use of single-use plastics B Recycling, reducing waste, and using cleaner energy sources C Burning more fossil fuels D Dumping waste into rivers
88. Question 88 of 100

    Which of the following is a renewable natural resource?

    A Coal B Natural gas C Petroleum D Forests (if sustainably managed)
89. Question 89 of 100

    Noise pollution is primarily caused by:

    A Excessive, unwanted, or harmful sound levels B Water contamination C Air particles D Soil erosion
90. Question 90 of 100

    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is primarily responsible for:

    A Enforcing international climate laws B Manufacturing renewable energy technology C Assessing and summarizing scientific research on climate change for policymakers D Managing the United Nations budget
91. Question 91 of 100

    Ocean acidification, linked to climate change, occurs because:

    A Oceans release oxygen into the air B Ocean temperatures decrease C Salt levels in oceans increase due to ice melting D Oceans absorb excess atmospheric CO₂, which forms carbonic acid in seawater
92. Question 92 of 100

    The atmosphere is composed mainly of which two gases?

    A Oxygen and carbon dioxide B Hydrogen and helium C Nitrogen and oxygen D Argon and methane
93. Question 93 of 100

    Earth Day, observed annually to raise environmental awareness, is celebrated on:

    A April 22 B January 1 C June 5 D December 25
94. Question 94 of 100

    An invasive species is one that:

    A Is introduced to a new environment and causes ecological or economic harm B Is native to an ecosystem and maintains balance C Is always beneficial to local biodiversity D Cannot survive outside its native habitat
95. Question 95 of 100

    The 3Rs of waste management commonly refer to:

    A Repair, Replace, Remove B Reduce, Reuse, Recycle C Read, Reflect, Record D Return, Report, Repeat
96. Question 96 of 100

    Which of the following is a common cause of water pollution?

    A Planting trees near rivers B Rainwater harvesting C Discharge of untreated industrial waste into rivers D Using biodegradable materials
97. Question 97 of 100

    The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, primarily aimed to:

    A Increase greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries B Ban all fossil fuel use immediately C Focus solely on ozone depletion D Set binding targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
98. Question 98 of 100

    One observed effect of climate change is:

    A Completely stable weather patterns worldwide B More frequent and intense extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and storms C Decreased global average temperature D No change in precipitation patterns
99. Question 99 of 100

    Which of the following best supports sustainable development?

    A Using renewable resources responsibly and reducing waste B Overexploitation of natural resources C Ignoring environmental regulations D Maximizing fossil fuel consumption
100. Question 100 of 100

     The loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction is often linked to:

     A Sustainable farming practices only B Natural ecosystem balance C Deforestation, urbanization, and pollution D Ozone layer recovery

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