1. Question 1 of 100

   The oral polio vaccine (OPV, Sabin) is a

   A inactivated vaccine B live attenuated vaccine C toxoid vaccine D mRNA vaccine
2. Question 2 of 100

   Tobacco smoking increases the risk of

   A rickets B lung cancer C scurvy D goitre
3. Question 3 of 100

   HIV is NOT transmitted by

   A shaking hands or sharing food B unsafe blood transfusion C from mother to child D sharing contaminated needles
4. Question 4 of 100

   Penicillin was discovered by

   A Louis Pasteur B Robert Koch C Edward Jenner D Alexander Fleming
5. Question 5 of 100

   Interferons are proteins released by

   A bacteria to kill viruses B virus-infected cells to warn neighbouring cells C red blood cells D platelets
6. Question 6 of 100

   Bacteria become resistant to penicillin by producing the enzyme

   A amylase B lipase C catalase D β-lactamase
7. Question 7 of 100

   Regular handwashing with soap helps to

   A increase immunity directly B cure diabetes C prevent the spread of infectious diseases D prevent all injuries
8. Question 8 of 100

   Measles is a

   A viral disease B bacterial disease C fungal disease D protozoal disease
9. Question 9 of 100

   Rickets in children is caused by the deficiency of

   A vitamin C B vitamin D C vitamin K D vitamin A
10. Question 10 of 100

    Cancer is the

    A absence of cell division B loss of blood only C uncontrolled division of body cells D excess vitamin intake
11. Question 11 of 100

    Disease-causing microorganisms are called

    A antibodies B pathogens C enzymes D hormones
12. Question 12 of 100

    Hypertension is a condition of

    A persistently high blood pressure B low blood pressure C low blood sugar D high body temperature
13. Question 13 of 100

    Hepatitis is an infection or inflammation of the

    A kidney B liver C lungs D heart
14. Question 14 of 100

    HIV is a retrovirus because it uses

    A DNA polymerase to copy its RNA B ribosomes to make DNA C reverse transcriptase to make DNA from its RNA genome D restriction enzymes
15. Question 15 of 100

    An adjuvant, such as alum, in a vaccine

    A kills the pathogen B enhances the immune response to the antigen C supplies vitamins D acts as an antibiotic
16. Question 16 of 100

    An epidemic is

    A a sudden increase in disease cases in a region B a disease constantly present in a region C a global outbreak only D a genetic disease
17. Question 17 of 100

    Smallpox was declared eradicated in

    A 1920 B 1960 C 2000 D 1980
18. Question 18 of 100

    In type I hypersensitivity (immediate allergy), the key cells that release histamine are

    A red blood cells B neurons C mast cells coated with IgE D osteoblasts
19. Question 19 of 100

    HIV mainly destroys

    A red blood cells B helper T cells (CD4⁺ cells) C neurons D osteocytes
20. Question 20 of 100

    The 'cold chain' in immunisation programmes refers to

    A keeping vaccines at recommended low temperatures from manufacture to use B cooling patients before injection C vaccinating only in winter D storing vaccines frozen forever
21. Question 21 of 100

    A substance that can cause cancer is called a

    A mutagen only B carcinogen C vector D antigen
22. Question 22 of 100

    Ringworm is a

    A viral infection B bacterial infection of the blood C worm infection D fungal infection of the skin
23. Question 23 of 100

    COVID-19 is caused by the virus

    A HIV B influenza A only C SARS-CoV-2 D Vibrio cholerae
24. Question 24 of 100

    Night blindness is caused by the deficiency of

    A vitamin B B vitamin C C vitamin A D vitamin E
25. Question 25 of 100

    Immunity is the

    A loss of body hair B ability of the body to resist disease C growth of bones D ability to digest food
26. Question 26 of 100

    Antibiotics are effective against

    A viruses B all microbes C bacteria D allergies
27. Question 27 of 100

    RT-PCR is used for diagnosing COVID-19 because it

    A detects antibodies in blood B measures body temperature C detects viral RNA after converting it to DNA D sequences bacteria
28. Question 28 of 100

    The rabies vaccine was developed by

    A Edward Jenner B Joseph Lister C Gregor Mendel D Louis Pasteur
29. Question 29 of 100

    Rabies is transmitted through the bite of an infected

    A mosquito B dog or other mammal C housefly D tick only
30. Question 30 of 100

    Malaria is caused by a protozoan called

    A Salmonella B Vibrio C Plasmodium D Mycobacterium
31. Question 31 of 100

    An autoimmune disease is one in which the

    A body has no immune system B pathogen is always a virus C immune system attacks the body's own tissues D vaccine fails
32. Question 32 of 100

    The misuse of antibiotics leads to

    A stronger immunity B more vitamins C cure for viruses D antibiotic-resistant bacteria
33. Question 33 of 100

    Pasteurisation of milk is done to

    A increase fat B kill harmful bacteria C add vitamins D increase sugar
34. Question 34 of 100

    A secondary immune response is faster and stronger than the primary response because of

    A memory B and T cells B red blood cells C platelets D antibiotics
35. Question 35 of 100

    Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease are caused by

    A bacteria B viruses C fungi D misfolded infectious proteins
36. Question 36 of 100

    Allergy is an

    A infection by fungi B exaggerated immune response to a harmless substance C deficiency of vitamins D kind of cancer
37. Question 37 of 100

    Herd immunity occurs when

    A all individuals get infected B only babies are vaccinated C a vaccine is given to one person only D a large proportion of a population is immune, protecting the unimmunised
38. Question 38 of 100

    Colostrum (the first milk) provides the baby with

    A active immunity B no protection C natural passive immunity D vitamins only
39. Question 39 of 100

    Tetanus is caused by

    A Clostridium tetani B Plasmodium C Salmonella D Mycobacterium
40. Question 40 of 100

    Cytotoxic T cells carry the surface marker

    A CD4 B CD20 C CD34 D CD8
41. Question 41 of 100

    Antivenom given after a snake bite provides

    A active immunity B no immunity C permanent memory D passive immunity
42. Question 42 of 100

    Penicillin acts by

    A inhibiting protein synthesis in viruses B damaging human DNA C blocking viral entry D inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis
43. Question 43 of 100

    Isolation of a sick person to prevent the spread of infection is

    A quarantine / isolation B vaccination C immunisation D sterilisation
44. Question 44 of 100

    The dengue patient's laboratory report typically shows a fall in

    A white cell count only B blood sugar C platelet count D haemoglobin to zero
45. Question 45 of 100

    Dengue fever is spread by the

    A Anopheles mosquito B housefly C Aedes mosquito D tsetse fly
46. Question 46 of 100

    Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium

    A Vibrio cholerae B Salmonella typhi C Plasmodium D Clostridium tetani
47. Question 47 of 100

    Lysozyme, found in tears and saliva, helps to

    A destroy bacteria by breaking their cell walls B digest starch C transport oxygen D make antibodies
48. Question 48 of 100

    A vector in disease transmission is

    A an organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another B a type of medicine C a hormone D an antibody
49. Question 49 of 100

    The HPV vaccine helps to prevent

    A cervical cancer B liver cancer only C tuberculosis D typhoid
50. Question 50 of 100

    Antihistamines are used to treat

    A bacterial infections B cancer C diabetes D allergies
51. Question 51 of 100

    The antibody class that crosses the placenta is

    A IgG B IgM C IgE D IgA
52. Question 52 of 100

    Phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils

    A produce antibodies B carry oxygen C form clots D engulf and destroy pathogens
53. Question 53 of 100

    Innate immunity is

    A acquired only after vaccination B specific to one pathogen C present only in adults D non-specific and present from birth
54. Question 54 of 100

    Antibodies are

    A proteins (immunoglobulins) produced against specific antigens B carbohydrates in blood plasma C lipids that store energy D nucleic acids
55. Question 55 of 100

    Cholera is spread mainly through

    A mosquito bites B air droplets C sexual contact D contaminated water and food
56. Question 56 of 100

    Vaccines contain

    A live, fully virulent pathogens B antibiotics C weakened, killed or part of the pathogen (or its genetic instructions) D only vitamins
57. Question 57 of 100

    Cholera toxin causes severe diarrhoea mainly by

    A destroying red blood cells B blocking nerve impulses C damaging liver cells D increasing chloride and water secretion into the intestine
58. Question 58 of 100

    A non-communicable disease is one that

    A spreads by air B does not spread from person to person C is caused by viruses only D spreads by water only
59. Question 59 of 100

    Obesity in adults is generally defined by a BMI of

    A 18 kg/m² B 25 kg/m² only C 10 kg/m² D 30 kg/m² or above
60. Question 60 of 100

    Influenza vaccines are updated regularly because

    A the vaccine is a drug B bacteria change fast C the vaccine expires in minutes D the influenza virus mutates frequently
61. Question 61 of 100

    Diabetes mellitus is characterised by

    A low blood pressure B high blood calcium C high blood glucose levels D low body temperature
62. Question 62 of 100

    Which of the following is a first line of defence of the body?

    A Antibodies B Memory cells C Vaccines D Skin and mucous membranes
63. Question 63 of 100

    Pellagra is caused by deficiency of

    A niacin (vitamin B₃) B vitamin B₁ C vitamin C D vitamin D
64. Question 64 of 100

    Tuberculosis (TB) mainly affects the

    A lungs B liver C kidneys D skin only
65. Question 65 of 100

    Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is given during diarrhoea to

    A kill bacteria B replace lost water and salts C stop vomiting only D reduce fever only
66. Question 66 of 100

    Pneumonia is an infection that affects the

    A alveoli of the lungs B liver cells C stomach lining D brain cells
67. Question 67 of 100

    The most dangerous malaria parasite species is

    A Plasmodium vivax B Plasmodium malariae C Plasmodium ovale D Plasmodium falciparum
68. Question 68 of 100

    Anaemia is commonly caused by the deficiency of

    A iron B calcium C iodine D sodium
69. Question 69 of 100

    The Mantoux (tuberculin) test is used to detect

    A exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis B malaria parasite C cholera toxin D HIV antibodies
70. Question 70 of 100

    Heterozygous carriers of the sickle cell gene are partly protected against

    A tuberculosis B cholera C malaria D measles
71. Question 71 of 100

    Antibiotics are not effective against viruses because viruses

    A have no cell wall or metabolism of their own to target B are too large C are already dead D are non-living minerals
72. Question 72 of 100

    AIDS is caused by

    A HPV B HBV C HIV D SARS virus
73. Question 73 of 100

    Polio is prevented by

    A vaccination with polio drops or injection B antibiotics C mosquito nets D chlorination only
74. Question 74 of 100

    Measles requires a very high vaccination coverage (about 95%) for herd immunity because it has

    A a low R₀ B a very high R₀ C no vaccine D no human host
75. Question 75 of 100

    mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 stimulate immunity by

    A making body cells produce the viral spike protein B injecting live virus C supplying ready-made antibodies D killing bacteria
76. Question 76 of 100

    An antigen is a

    A protein that kills antibodies B hormone from the pituitary C type of vitamin D foreign substance that triggers an immune response
77. Question 77 of 100

    Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of

    A vitamin A B vitamin C C vitamin D D vitamin B₁
78. Question 78 of 100

    Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used for

    A malaria B HIV infection C tuberculosis D cholera
79. Question 79 of 100

    Hepatitis A is mainly spread by

    A blood transfusion only B mosquito bites C contaminated food and water D air pollutants
80. Question 80 of 100

    Koch's postulates are used to

    A classify vitamins B find blood groups C measure immunity D establish that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease
81. Question 81 of 100

    If the basic reproduction number (R₀) of a disease is 4, the approximate herd immunity threshold is

    A 25% B 50% C 75% D 90%
82. Question 82 of 100

    Amoebic dysentery is caused by

    A Plasmodium B Entamoeba histolytica C Vibrio D Salmonella
83. Question 83 of 100

    The antiviral drug acyclovir is mainly used against

    A influenza A only B malaria parasites C tuberculosis bacteria D herpes viruses
84. Question 84 of 100

    Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines are examples of

    A toxoid vaccines B live attenuated vaccines C mRNA vaccines D antibiotic vaccines
85. Question 85 of 100

    Using mosquito nets and repellents helps to prevent

    A tuberculosis B malaria and dengue C tetanus D diabetes
86. Question 86 of 100

    The first vaccine (for smallpox) was developed by

    A Louis Pasteur B Robert Koch C Alexander Fleming D Edward Jenner
87. Question 87 of 100

    Beriberi is caused by the deficiency of

    A vitamin C B vitamin D C vitamin B₁ (thiamine) D vitamin A
88. Question 88 of 100

    The main purpose of vaccination is to

    A cure existing infections B increase height C prevent disease by providing immunity D produce hormones
89. Question 89 of 100

    Post-exposure treatment of rabies includes

    A antibiotics only B insulin C wound washing, vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin D iron tablets
90. Question 90 of 100

    DOTS is a strategy for the treatment of

    A tuberculosis B malaria C HIV D dengue
91. Question 91 of 100

    The Widal test is used for the diagnosis of

    A tuberculosis B typhoid fever C malaria D dengue
92. Question 92 of 100

    The infective stage of the malaria parasite injected by the mosquito is the

    A sporozoite B merozoite C trophozoite D gametocyte
93. Question 93 of 100

    Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by deficiency of

    A protein B iodine C vitamin C D calcium
94. Question 94 of 100

    To reduce the chance of organ transplant rejection, doctors

    A give antibiotics only B give vitamins only C match HLA types and give immunosuppressants D use blood group O only
95. Question 95 of 100

    The antibody class mainly involved in allergic reactions is

    A IgG B IgM C IgA D IgE
96. Question 96 of 100

    The common cold is caused by a

    A bacterium B protozoan C virus D fungus
97. Question 97 of 100

    The cause of the blood-clotting disorder haemophilia is

    A viral B genetic C bacterial D dietary
98. Question 98 of 100

    MRSA stands for

    A multi-resistant Salmonella aureus B methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus C mycobacterium-resistant Streptococcus D mosquito-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
99. Question 99 of 100

    Goitre is caused by deficiency of

    A iron B iodine C calcium D zinc
100. Question 100 of 100

     The BCG vaccine protects against

     A polio B typhoid C tuberculosis D tetanus

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