1. Question 1 of 100

   A species found only in one specific geographical area is

   A Exotic B Cosmopolitan C Endemic D Invasive
2. Question 2 of 100

   Which trophic level is occupied by producers?

   A Second B Third C First D Fourth
3. Question 3 of 100

   The concept of biodiversity hotspots was given by

   A Edward Wilson B Ernst Mayr C Robert May D Norman Myers
4. Question 4 of 100

   The ultimate source of energy for almost all ecosystems is the

   A Soil B Water C Wind D Sun
5. Question 5 of 100

   A group of individuals of the same species in an area is a

   A Population B Community C Ecosystem D Biome
6. Question 6 of 100

   A lion hunting a zebra is an example of

   A Commensalism B Predation C Mutualism D Amensalism
7. Question 7 of 100

   The 'Billion Tree Tsunami' afforestation project was launched in

   A Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2014) B Sindh (2000) C Punjab (1990) D Balochistan (2005)
8. Question 8 of 100

   The term 'ecology' was coined by

   A Charles Darwin B A.G. Tansley C Carl Linnaeus D Ernst Haeckel
9. Question 9 of 100

   Which of the following is an omnivore?

   A Bear B Tiger C Rabbit D Lion
10. Question 10 of 100

    The edge effect occurs in the

    A Climax B Core zone C Ecotone D Pioneer community
11. Question 11 of 100

    A population growing exponentially shows a

    A S-shaped curve B Straight line C U-shaped curve D J-shaped curve
12. Question 12 of 100

    The conversion of atmospheric N2 into ammonia by organisms is

    A Nitrification B Nitrogen fixation C Denitrification D Ammonification
13. Question 13 of 100

    The pyramid of biomass in an ocean ecosystem is generally

    A Inverted B Upright C Absent D Flat
14. Question 14 of 100

    Living components of an ecosystem are called

    A Biotic components B Abiotic components C Edaphic factors D Climatic factors
15. Question 15 of 100

    In terrestrial ecosystems, most energy flows through the

    A Grazing food chain B Detritus food chain C Parasitic food chain D Predator chain
16. Question 16 of 100

    Liebig's law of the minimum states that growth is limited by

    A The scarcest essential resource B The most abundant resource C Temperature only D Light only
17. Question 17 of 100

    Permanently frozen soil is typical of the

    A Desert biome B Tropical rainforest C Savanna D Tundra biome
18. Question 18 of 100

    Afforestation helps to

    A Increase desertification B Raise CO2 C Reduce rainfall D Reduce soil erosion and absorb CO2
19. Question 19 of 100

    Bergmann's rule states that in colder climates, body size of warm-blooded animals tends to be

    A Smaller B Unchanged C Larger D Random
20. Question 20 of 100

    The final stable community in ecological succession is the

    A Pioneer community B Climax community C Seral stage D Ecotone
21. Question 21 of 100

    The Shannon-Wiener index is used to measure

    A Population density B Species diversity C Biomass D Soil fertility
22. Question 22 of 100

    The Thar Desert, a part of Sindh, is mainly a

    A Tundra B Taiga C Tropical rainforest D Hot arid desert biome
23. Question 23 of 100

    Several interconnected food chains form a

    A Food web B Food pyramid C Food cycle D Food niche
24. Question 24 of 100

    The present biodiversity crisis is often called the

    A First mass extinction B Fourth mass extinction C Permian extinction D Sixth mass extinction
25. Question 25 of 100

    World Environment Day is celebrated on

    A 5 June B 22 April C 16 September D 11 July
26. Question 26 of 100

    Denitrification converts nitrate into

    A Ammonia B Nitrite only C Urea D Nitrogen gas
27. Question 27 of 100

    A species that no longer exists is called

    A Endangered B Vulnerable C Extinct D Endemic
28. Question 28 of 100

    The functional role of a species in its ecosystem is its

    A Habitat B Population C Biome D Niche
29. Question 29 of 100

    The natural greenhouse effect is

    A Harmful only B Caused only by humans C Essential for keeping Earth warm D Absent on Earth
30. Question 30 of 100

    A food chain always begins with

    A Consumers B Decomposers C Producers D Carnivores
31. Question 31 of 100

    Biomagnification refers to

    A Increase in plant growth B Decrease in toxin concentration C Increase in concentration of toxins at higher trophic levels D Increase in biomass
32. Question 32 of 100

    Albedo is the

    A Fraction of sunlight absorbed B Fraction of sunlight reflected by a surface C Total rainfall D Wind speed
33. Question 33 of 100

    The pyramid of energy is always

    A Inverted B Spindle-shaped C Absent D Upright
34. Question 34 of 100

    The first organisms to colonise bare rock in primary succession are

    A Trees B Mosses C Shrubs D Lichens
35. Question 35 of 100

    Which biome has the highest species diversity?

    A Tundra B Desert C Taiga D Tropical rainforest
36. Question 36 of 100

    The Lotka-Volterra equations model

    A Primary succession B Predator-prey dynamics C Carbon cycling D Species-area curve
37. Question 37 of 100

    Decomposers include

    A Green plants B Herbivores C Birds D Bacteria and fungi
38. Question 38 of 100

    Which of the following is a carnivore?

    A Cow B Lion C Deer D Goat
39. Question 39 of 100

    Minamata disease in Japan was caused by

    A Mercury poisoning B Cadmium poisoning C Lead poisoning D Arsenic poisoning
40. Question 40 of 100

    Which waste is biodegradable?

    A Vegetable peels B Plastic bags C Glass bottles D Aluminium cans
41. Question 41 of 100

    A keystone species is one whose

    A Population is largest B Biomass is greatest C Size is greatest D Impact on the ecosystem is disproportionately large
42. Question 42 of 100

    The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit global warming to well below

    A 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels B 5 degrees Celsius C 10 degrees Celsius D 0.1 degrees Celsius
43. Question 43 of 100

    Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?

    A Solar energy B Wind C Biomass D Coal
44. Question 44 of 100

    Khunjerab National Park is known for protecting

    A Indus dolphin B Marco Polo sheep and snow leopard C Green turtle D Mangroves
45. Question 45 of 100

    The ozone layer protects life by absorbing

    A Harmful ultraviolet rays B Infrared rays C Radio waves D Visible light
46. Question 46 of 100

    The term 'ecosystem' was introduced by

    A A.G. Tansley B Haeckel C Odum D Lindeman
47. Question 47 of 100

    Acid rain is caused mainly by

    A Carbon monoxide B Methane C Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides D Ozone
48. Question 48 of 100

    Mangrove forests in Pakistan are mostly found in the

    A Indus Delta B Thar Desert C Potohar Plateau D Karakoram
49. Question 49 of 100

    Over 100 years, methane has a global warming potential about

    A Equal to CO2 B Half that of CO2 C 28 times that of CO2 per unit mass D 1000 times that of CO2
50. Question 50 of 100

    Carbon is removed from the atmosphere mainly by

    A Photosynthesis B Respiration C Combustion D Decomposition
51. Question 51 of 100

    The ecological footprint measures

    A Number of species B Human demand on nature relative to Earth's capacity C Soil depth D Rainfall
52. Question 52 of 100

    Which IUCN Red List category denotes an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild?

    A Vulnerable B Least Concern C Critically Endangered D Near Threatened
53. Question 53 of 100

    The three R's of waste management are

    A Reduce, Reuse, Recycle B Remove, Replace, Repeat C Reduce, Reject, Refill D Recycle, Rebuild, Remove
54. Question 54 of 100

    Biodiversity means

    A Number of humans B Variety of soil types C Variety of life at all levels D Amount of rainfall
55. Question 55 of 100

    The part of the Earth where life exists is the

    A Lithosphere B Stratosphere C Mesosphere D Biosphere
56. Question 56 of 100

    Hydrarch succession begins in

    A Bare rock B Deserts C Mountain tops D Water bodies
57. Question 57 of 100

    Primary consumers are

    A Carnivores B Herbivores C Decomposers D Producers
58. Question 58 of 100

    Itai-itai disease is caused by

    A Mercury B Lead C Fluoride D Cadmium
59. Question 59 of 100

    Non-living components such as light, water and soil are

    A Abiotic components B Biotic components C Producers D Decomposers
60. Question 60 of 100

    An association in which both species benefit is

    A Commensalism B Parasitism C Mutualism D Predation
61. Question 61 of 100

    The pyramid of numbers in a tree ecosystem is

    A Always upright B Inverted C Absent D Spindle-shaped only in water
62. Question 62 of 100

    The main greenhouse gas released by burning fossil fuels is

    A Oxygen B Carbon dioxide C Nitrogen D Argon
63. Question 63 of 100

    The 10 per cent law of energy transfer was given by

    A Tansley B Haeckel C Lindeman D Odum
64. Question 64 of 100

    All populations living together in an area form a

    A Species B Community C Habitat D Individual
65. Question 65 of 100

    The dominant mangrove species of the Indus Delta is

    A Rhizophora mucronata B Ceriops tagal C Avicennia marina D Aegiceras corniculatum
66. Question 66 of 100

    The Allee effect refers to

    A Faster growth in large populations B Competition between species C Seasonal migration D Reduced individual fitness at very low population density
67. Question 67 of 100

    The species-area relationship is expressed as

    A S = A/c B S = c + A C S = cA^z D S = z/A
68. Question 68 of 100

    Gause's competitive exclusion principle states that

    A Predators eliminate competitors B Species always coexist C Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely D Competition increases diversity
69. Question 69 of 100

    r-selected species typically

    A Produce many offspring with little parental care B Produce few offspring with high care C Live long D Have stable populations near K
70. Question 70 of 100

    The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted at the

    A Rio Earth Summit (1992) B Stockholm Conference (1972) C Kyoto Conference (1997) D Paris Summit (2015)
71. Question 71 of 100

    High BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of water indicates

    A Clean water B High organic pollution C High oxygen only D Low microbial activity
72. Question 72 of 100

    An association in which one benefits and the other is unaffected is

    A Mutualism B Parasitism C Competition D Commensalism
73. Question 73 of 100

    Photochemical smog contains

    A Only CO2 B Only SO2 C Only water vapour D Ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
74. Question 74 of 100

    Species diversity generally

    A Decreases from the equator to the poles B Increases from the equator to the poles C Is uniform worldwide D Is highest in the Arctic
75. Question 75 of 100

    Ecology is the study of

    A Structure of cells B Interactions between organisms and their environment C Classification of animals D Diseases of plants only
76. Question 76 of 100

    Shelford's law of tolerance states that organisms have

    A No limits B Only a minimum limit C A range of tolerance with minimum and maximum limits D Only a maximum limit
77. Question 77 of 100

    Diversity within a habitat is called alpha diversity; diversity between habitats is

    A Beta diversity B Gamma diversity C Delta diversity D Sigma diversity
78. Question 78 of 100

    Water enters the atmosphere from plants by

    A Precipitation B Transpiration C Infiltration D Runoff
79. Question 79 of 100

    Global warming is mainly caused by

    A Decrease in oxygen B Increase in greenhouse gases C Increase in ozone D Volcanic dust only
80. Question 80 of 100

    Large-scale cutting down of forests is called

    A Afforestation B Reforestation C Conservation D Deforestation
81. Question 81 of 100

    Which Sindh lake is a Ramsar wetland?

    A Keenjhar Lake B Rawal Lake C Saiful Muluk D Tarbela Lake
82. Question 82 of 100

    CITES regulates

    A Marine pollution B Greenhouse gases C International trade in endangered species D Hazardous waste
83. Question 83 of 100

    Conservation of species outside their natural habitat is

    A In situ conservation B Ex situ conservation C Habitat restoration only D Afforestation
84. Question 84 of 100

    A Biosphere Reserve is

    A A zoo B A seed bank C An industrial zone D A protected area with core, buffer and transition zones
85. Question 85 of 100

    Producers in an ecosystem are

    A Herbivores B Carnivores C Green plants D Decomposers
86. Question 86 of 100

    Dead zones in oceans are caused by

    A Excess oxygen B Eutrophication leading to hypoxia C Volcanic eruptions only D Excess salinity only
87. Question 87 of 100

    A tapeworm in the human intestine is an example of

    A Mutualism B Commensalism C Parasitism D Predation
88. Question 88 of 100

    The Keeling Curve records

    A Atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa B Ozone thickness C Sea level D Biodiversity loss
89. Question 89 of 100

    The Ramsar Convention (1971) deals with

    A Ozone layer B Trade in wildlife C Conservation of wetlands D Desertification
90. Question 90 of 100

    The natural place where an organism lives is its

    A Niche B Community C Habitat D Biome
91. Question 91 of 100

    A pond is an example of a

    A Marine ecosystem B Freshwater ecosystem C Desert ecosystem D Grassland ecosystem
92. Question 92 of 100

    When two species use the same limited resource, the interaction is

    A Competition B Mutualism C Commensalism D Neutralism
93. Question 93 of 100

    The phosphorus cycle is

    A Gaseous only B Sedimentary with no gaseous phase C Atmospheric D Absent in nature
94. Question 94 of 100

    The Montreal Protocol (1987) aims to

    A Phase out ozone-depleting substances B Limit CO2 emissions C Protect wetlands D Ban whaling
95. Question 95 of 100

    Eutrophication is caused by

    A Excess oxygen B Excess ultraviolet light C Lack of nutrients D Excess nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) in water
96. Question 96 of 100

    Net primary productivity (NPP) equals

    A GPP plus respiration B GPP divided by respiration C GPP minus respiration D Respiration minus GPP
97. Question 97 of 100

    Using microbes to clean up pollutants is

    A Biomagnification B Bioremediation C Eutrophication D Biostimulation of crops
98. Question 98 of 100

    Which of the following is a renewable energy source?

    A Coal B Petroleum C Solar energy D Natural gas
99. Question 99 of 100

    Blue carbon refers to carbon stored in

    A Coal beds B Mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes C Deep mantle D Glaciers
100. Question 100 of 100

     National parks and wildlife sanctuaries are examples of

     A Ex situ conservation B In situ conservation C Gene banks D Cryopreservation

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